Sources

Terraform Industries

The plant concept, the "Terraform" presets and the default solar costs come from the company's own public writing.

• Terraform Industries — company site.
• Terraform Industries Whitepaper 2.0 (2023-01-09) — electrolyzer 78.89 kWh/kg, DAC 3.44 MWh/t-CO₂ and the $/t-year capex basis at 25% utilization, reactor cost target, $10/kcf gas case, the "45E" naming.
• The Terraformer Mark One (2023-06-26) — first integrated system and incentive stack.
• How to Produce Green Hydrogen for $1/kg (2023-08-16) — electrolyzer at $100/kW and ~80 kWh/kg.
• Permitting Reform Or Death (2023-11-10) — background.
• Terraformer Environmental Calculus (2024-02-06) — land, water and CO₂ framing.
• Terraform makes carbon neutral natural gas (2024-04-01) — first pipeline-grade methane.
• How Terraform Navigated The Idea Maze (2024-06-24) — background.
• Terraform Industries Master Plan (2024-10-04) — product roadmap and exploratory routes.
• To Conquer the Primary Energy Consumption Layer of Our Entire Civilization (2025-04-03) — background.
• The Future Of Solar Doesn't Track The Sun (2025-04-29) — the case for dense East-West fixed arrays.
• The Core Pillars at Terraform Industries (2025-06-12) — background.
• Direct Current Data Centers (2026-01-30) — AI compute at ~$50,000/kW and the solar-powered data center framing.
• Capturing Carbon I: The Base (2026-04-02) — calcium-looping air capture.
• The enormous size of the oil and gas market drives adoption of synthetic fuel production (2026-06-16) — methane production cost under $30/MCF; the methane and methanol market ladders.
• Terraform scale-up roadmap (retrieved 2026-10-30) — market ladder tiers (price and cumulative market size) behind the Market Ladder chart.
• Terraform 2026 Update (2026-10-21) — stack BOM well below $100/kW, demo H₂ below $2/kg, CO₂ well below $200/t, calciner above 1,000 °C, ~99.9% GPU utilization.
• How Terraform built the cheapest solar in North America (2026-10-27) — 1.8 MW for $1.3M including land and site work (~$0.72/W), 1.6 ¢/kWh amortized; basis of the default solar costs.

Solar resource and PV

• PVGIS v5.3 PVcalc API and PVGIS online tool (European Commission JRC) — annual yield and irradiation for every Earth site preset (optimal fixed tilt, 14% system loss).
• Global Solar Atlas (Solargis v2.2) — diffuse fraction per preset and PVOUT cross-checks.
• Annual Technology Baseline 2025, utility-scale PV (National Laboratory of the Rockies, formerly NREL) — cost context.
• Jurchen PEG FAQ and PEG design — high-density East-West mounting.
• J. W. Spencer (1971), "Fourier series representation of the position of the sun", Search 2(5):172 — solar declination and equation of time.
• F. Kasten and A. T. Young (1989), "Revised optical air mass tables and approximation formula", Applied Optics 28:4735 — air mass.
• A. B. Meinel and M. P. Meinel (1976), Applied Solar Energy: An Introduction, Addison-Wesley — clear-sky direct-beam model.
• J. E. Hay and J. A. Davies (1980), "Calculation of the solar radiation incident on an inclined surface", Proc. First Canadian Solar Radiation Data Workshop — diffuse transposition onto tilted and tracking planes.

Chemistry and process routes

• V. Vogl, M. Åhman and L. J. Nilsson (2018), "Assessment of hydrogen direct reduction for fossil-free steelmaking", Journal of Cleaner Production 203:736–745 — H₂-DRI + EAF energy split.
• International Aluminium Institute, primary aluminium smelting power consumption — Hall-Héroult electricity intensity.
• NIST Chemistry WebBook — standard enthalpies behind the reaction-energy floors (CO₂ → C, CaCO₃ → CaO, SiO₂ → Si, CO₂ → CO) and the stoichiometric constants.
• US EPA greenhouse gas equivalencies: calculations and references — pipeline-gas CO₂ per MCF, compared with the pure-CH₄ factor the app uses.
• NOAA GML Mauna Loa annual mean CO₂ — atmospheric CO₂ concentration.
• AACE International Recommended Practice 18R-97, Cost Estimate Classification System — Class 4 (feasibility) accuracy range of −15…−30% / +20…+50%; the wide end sets the NPV tornado's process CAPEX bounds.

Market benchmarks

Shown as markers on the sliders, and used as the low and high bounds of the "What drives NPV" tornado.

• OPIS TOPCon module FOB China, Jul 2026 (pv magazine) — $0.109/W.
• OPIS TOPCon module DDP US, Mar 2026 (pv magazine) — $0.290/W; also the default module price.
• BNEF Energy Storage System Cost Survey 2025 (Energy-Storage.news) — turnkey battery prices by region.
• Asian methanol price, Oct 2026 (Procurement Resource) — CFR China spot.
• Methanex posted methanol prices — European contract price.
• ECB euro reference exchange rates (2026-10-29) — EUR and GBP conversions.

US policy

• Internal Revenue Code (Cornell LII): §48E, §45Y, §45V, §45Q, and 26 CFR 1.45V-2 — credit structure, durations, stacking rules.
• One Big Beautiful Bill Act, P.L. 119-21 (signed 2025-07-04) — 45Y/48E solar termination, 45V construction deadline, 45Q utilization parity.
• IRS Notice 2026-47 (IRB 2026-41) — 2026 §45Y amounts.
• IRS Notice 2026-41 (IRB 2026-29) — 2026 §45V amounts.
• Court vacates Notice 2025-42 (KPMG, 2026-06) and appeal status (Clifford Chance, 2026-09) — begin-construction safe harbor.
• DOE hydrogen and DAC hub funding status (reported Apr 2026) and PNWH2 hub cancellation (GeekWire, 2025) — hub grant notes.

EU and national policy

• European Hydrogen Bank: pilot auction results (Ammonia Energy), second auction (IEA), third auction explained and third auction results (pv magazine, 2026-05-07).
• Germany: Bundesnetzagentur ground-mounted PV tenders, July 2026 round, DGS solar market values 2025; auctions-as-a-service winners 2026-05-29 (BMWE), Danish projects awarded and first window scrapped (Hydrogen Insight).
• Netherlands: RVO SDE++, RVO OWE, OWE round 2 awards (pv magazine), OWE 2026 announced (PNO).
• United Kingdom: CfD AR7 results, CfD AR7a results, GB 2025 solar capture price (Montel), HAR1 successful projects, hydrogen allocation rounds.

AI compute

Throughput and capex are per facility kW and MWh; tokens count input plus output.

• SemiAnalysis InferenceX, DeepSeek-R1 on GB200 vs H100 and tokens per megawatt — tokens per MWh of all-in facility power.
• NVIDIA Blackwell InferenceMAX results — throughput for models up to ~120B.
• Epoch AI, AI datacenter cost breakdown (2026-05) — $37.9k per IT kW for a GB200 NVL72 build, PUE 1.14.
• How much does an NVIDIA NVL72 cost? (Wing VC) — rack-level pricing.
• Silicon Data B200 rental index (Sep 2026) — GPU rental revenue cross-check.
• Token list prices: DeepInfra, Together AI, Anthropic, Artificial Analysis — blended price markers.

Software and data services

• Chart.js 4.4.4 (MIT) — charts.
• Leaflet 1.9.4 (BSD-2-Clause) — site map.
• lz-string 1.5.0 (MIT) — compact share links.
• Esri World Imagery — satellite tiles on the site map.
• This app's source code (MIT) — each figure's source and retrieval date sit next to it in js/data/.